Robin Henig finds parallels between the controversy over in vitro fertilization (IVF) when it began more than 25 years ago and today's debates over human cloning and germ-line engineering. She points out opponents of IVF argued it posed significant threats to society, including the risk of chromosomally damaged babies, the derangement of family relationships, and the incursion of science into matters of procreation best left to nature and God. IVF was feared as the precursor to surrogate mothers, frozen embryos, genetic engineering of babies, and human cloning.