DNA tests in 2017 showed a high-status Viking warrior buried between 913 and 980 in Birka, Sweden, was a woman. The full set of sturdy weapons and two horses in her grave upended scholars’ assumptions about the role of Viking women. Who was she? For The Real Valkyrie: The Hidden History of Viking Warrior Women, Nancy Marie Brown drew on science, history, and legends to imagine her life story.
Astronomer Vera Rubin provided evidence for the existence of dark matter, the invisible material comprising more than 90% of the universe’s mass. As a pioneering woman, she faced slights & skepticism, Ashley Yeager reports in Bright Galaxies, Dark Matter, and Beyond. Rubin died in 2016 at age 88. She is the 1st woman to have a national observatory named for her, Tucson’s Vera C. Rubin Observatory.
If you’ve been watching the Olympics, you’ve seen torrents of sweat. Elite athletes sweat sooner and more copiously than couch-potatoes, Sarah Everts reports in The Joy of Sweat: The Strange Science of Perspiration. Their bodies anticipate and compensate for exercise-induced high core temperatures. Though “sticky, stinky, and gross,” Everts says, “sweat is among our most fascinating secretions.”
Twelve million years ago, rhinos, elephants, camels, and saber-toothed deer roamed the ancient savanna we now call Nebraska, gathering at watering holes. The explosion of a supervolcano in present-day Idaho 1,000 miles away sent a blanket of ash that buried hundreds of animals for millennia. In Rhinos in Nebraska, Alison Pearce Stevens tells the story of their discovery and continuing excavation.
In various surveys, parents rate kindness as the quality they most want to instill in children. But how? Bullying, racism, sexism, and school violence can’t be ignored. Melinda Wenner Moyer explored academic research and talked to educators and parenting experts. She shares her findings in How To Raise Kids Who Aren’t Assholes: Science-Based Strategies for Better Parenting—From Tots to Teens.
Seashells are the work of marine mollusks, the most diverse group of animals in the oceans, with the longest evolutionary history of species living today, Cynthia Barnett reports in The Sound of the Sea: Seashells and the Fate of the Oceans. Mollusks famously clean up the water around them, she notes. How long can they survive if they keep consuming chemical contaminants and microplastic fibers?
Would you eat a fried cicada? Drink your own urine? Try on a Nazi officer’s hat? In Gory Details: Adventures from the Dark Side of Science, Erika Engelhaupt explores topics she first found off-putting but later sought to understand. “Nature is often gross,” she says. “If we could be more thoughtful about what disgusts us and why, we might even learn to be a little more tolerant of one another.”
Knowledge of our galaxy is advancing rapidly. Astronomers can collect and analyze data on stars and other celestial objects simultaneously and combine data from ground-based & space-based instruments, Leila Belkora reports in Minding the Heavens—The Story of Our Discovery of the Milky Way. Astronomy enthusiasts can participate via citizen science projects. Some even have home observatories.
Why does an iron nail rust? A cut apple turn brown? How do stalagmites form? Five- to 10-year-olds can discover the answers via step-by-step home experiments Adrian Dingle provides in Awesome Chemistry Experiments for Kids: 40 Science Projects and Why They Work. Dingle’s minor-to-major Mess-O-Meter, plus ratings of difficulty and time required, will help parents assisting their budding chemists.